Recent Developments in Technology and Language Learning a Literature Review and Meta-analysis
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A meta-analysis on educational technology in English language teaching
Language Testing in Asia book 11, Article number:7 (2021) Cite this commodity
Abstract
Every bit more various types of computer-assisted linguistic communication learning (CALL) programs have been incorporated into language classrooms over the recent decades, information technology has become more important to uncover whether, to what extent, and under which moderator variables Telephone call can be yield more effective outcomes than traditional language pedagogy. The issue of education is one of the nigh of import materials addressed past technology. Instead, meta-analysis is a statistical and quantitative method that leads usa to a general conclusion by integrating the results of dissimilar researches. In this report, researchers worked on the bear upon of educational technology in English language instruction by studying 67 articles and theses (from 1000 studies that were relevant in title and abstract). All articles and theses were included from 2009 to 2020 and 7 manufactures were excluded from this study due to insufficient information. Furthermore, ii instruments, SPSS (mainly its sub-co-operative Kruskal-Wallis examination) and CMA were used to calculate and evaluate data in this research. The total issue size calculated for studies under both fixed and random models was statistically significant and also the written report of effects by twelvemonth of publication, instruments used in inquiry and enquiry methods showed that their effect size was significant. Didactics English language with the help of technology has an effective result size and has shown the success of this engineering in language learning.
Introduction
Due to the rapid advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the world, there is growing attention to combine technologies into the classrooms to set up learners to meet the needs of a progressively technological-dependent civilization (Bail). The presence of technology and its constant advances have been disclosed into society by shifting the manner how people cooperate with engineering itself and through technology devices (Hollands & Escueta, 2020; Gonzalez-Acevedo, 2016). Warni, Aziz, and Febriawan (2018) believe that technology allows students to study independently and cooperate with their peers. This is possible because engineering science inspires students to reverberate and analyze where these ii capabilities are at the basics of developing autonomy. Since the 1960s, educational technologists have tried to make this image become a reality through emerging programs based on computer-assisted instruction (CAI) to drill, train, and test students (Andone & Frydenberg, 2019). According to Xiao (2019), every educator must utterly think about, update concepts, exist courageous in innovation, let advanced science and engineering science aid college English instruction, and familiarize multimedia technology with a large amount of information, closeness and interactivity into higher English teaching. Many educational researchers believe that reckoner-assisted language learning (CALL) would prove to be effective because information technology would decrease educational costs and increment learning outcomes in the long flow (Atabek, 2020; Oz, Demirezen, & Pourfeiz, 2015).
Research in English language language teaching sometimes contradicts differences in educational measures, situations, measurement instruments, and research methods that get in difficult for the researcher to easily compare the findings (Ozkale & Koc, 2020).
The disagreement between the results ways that there is no acceptable respond to guide policymakers, and there is always an countless need for re-research. At that place is a danger that the sponsors of social and educational research would conclude that this research is unproductive and unscientific. In improver, reviewing the sources of empirical enquiry is normally not helpful, and considering it depends so much on the opinion, judgment, preferences, and tendencies of the reviewers, conflicting interpretations of a slice of prove are not uncommon.
However, examining the effectiveness of CALL is non easy for a number of reasons. First, the event of any CALL program on learning outcomes is some way related to its uses. A specific CALL plan may have great educational potential non revealed until it is used properly. Hence, evaluating the effectiveness of the Phone call in language teaching is evaluating its uses rather than the CALL program itself. Second, the effectiveness of Phone call is afflicted past some other moderator variables such every bit the learners, tasks, the educational setting conditions, and the assessment instruments. Third, CALL tin can be used either in isolation, as the sole instrument to convey language knowledge to the students, or in combination with traditional, face-to-face didactics methods (Sadeghi & Dousti, 2013). In addition to the in a higher place obstacles, no individual study by itself can show whether Telephone call programs are actually constructive or not. In about countries, the use of educational technology is a headway and a national motion, and many organizations and educational institutions accept been created in lodge to properly use educational technology and find amend and more than consummate means and techniques.
Full general objectives of the commodity: The role of educational applied science in instruction English in Iran
Literature review
Educational engineering
An authentic understanding of the definition, subject, and scope of educational engineering science depends largely on the root meaning of the word engineering. The word is derived from the word technology in Greek, pregnant systematically performing art or profession. The outset part of this word (technologia) is a combination of performing fine art and a technique involving knowledge of the meaning of the principles and the ability to achieve the desired results. In other words, logos hateful practical things like knowing and doing. The discussion root ways reasoning, explanation, principle, and ratiocination. So engineering ways the rational application of cognition. The give-and-take consists of two words "technique" and "logic." "Technique" ways skillfully doing any work and "logic" is equivalent to the "knowing" suffix and means "science and knowledge." Applied science can, therefore, be regarded equally methodology or knowledge and science in subtle means of doing things. The 2d meaning is what the word "technology" is mostly used to express (Faradanesh, 2001).
Concept of educational technology
There are many definitions of educational engineering, each referring to its various aspects. Before the awarding of technology in its new sense, planners helped ameliorate the teaching and learning outcomes of audiovisual cases and devices. Thus, it can be concluded that the contributions of this branch are summarized from didactics to the apply of purely educational items. Just Chocolate-brown (1972) has defined educational technology differently: Educational technology goes across the employ of instruments. Educational engineering science is thus more than but a set of components (Ipek & Ziatdinov, 2018). It is a systematic way of designing, executing, and evaluating the whole process of enquiry and learning to use specific goals, utilizing research findings in psychology and human being advice, and employing a combination of human and non-human resources to create more constructive learning, more reliable, and more deeply. In-depth attention to the in a higher place definition leads the reader to several bones conclusions:
- 1.
The first conclusion to exist drawn from the first part of the definition is that educational technology is non only nigh the use of educational instruments, but the broader scope of the use of educational instruments and the use of educational materials as part of it.
- 2.
Every bit educational applied science is considered to be a systematic mode or method, so information technology is more like an empire than its constituent parts because they are actions and reactions. Because the action, reaction, or interaction between its constituents lead to effects and results that are greater than the sum of its constituent elements.
- iii.
Educational technology uses scientific findings such as psychology and the humanities to design and implement the whole process of educational activity and learning.
- iv.
Educational technology employs a good mix of human and non-man resources. In other words, dissimilar the use of educational materials or audio-visual preparation in which the utilize of material instruments is concerned, in technology, human resource are accordingly used.
The about recent definition agreed by educational technology experts, The American Association of Educational Communication & Engineering science (AECT) stated that educational technology is the theory and practice of designing, producing, using, and evaluating learning processes and resources (Spector & Yuen, 2016). Caffarela and Wing (1992) ascertain this every bit considering that in any field of scientific discipline philosophical issues such as epistemological epistemology and methodology are raised and that experts in different disciplines present theories in that field.
Awarding of educational applied science in English linguistic communication educational activity
The application of educational technology in English language language instruction includes whatsoever possible means and information that can be used in language educational activity. It deals with language teaching instruments such as television, language labs, and a variety of designed media. In other words, the use of educational technology in language teaching is the same folk concept of educational engineering science as the utilise of audiovisual devices, monitors, and computer keyboards. The public domain of its audiovisual equipment consists of two distinct parts: the hardware and the software. The hardware talking office deals with physical and real equipment, such as projectors, sound recorders, Idiot box sets, microcomputers, etc., and the software part includes many items used in connexion with such equipment and devices like slide, audiotapes, videotapes of computer programs, written languages, and more (Ahdian, 2007); (Xu, Banerjee, Ramirez, Zhu, & Wijekumar, 2019).
Research in the field of education is sometimes contradictory. Differences in educational measures, situations, measuring tools, and research methods brand it difficult for the researcher to compare the findings (Rai'i, Farzaneh, & Delavar, 2013). The contradiction between the results leads to no acceptable reply to be a guidance for policy makers (Talan, 2021). It also means that there is always an countless demand for research and re-inquiry. At that place is a risk that enquiry sponsors may conclude that this inquiry is confusing, unproductive, and unscientific (Asgharpour, 2006).
Considering the inquiry done in the field of language learning with the help of technology, it tin can exist seen that there are a lot of disagreements near the success rate of teaching English with the help of technology. Some researchers such equally Sung, Cheng and Liu (2016) and Lee (2010) are its defenders, while other researchers such every bit Lipsey and Wilson (2001), Norris and Ortega (2000), and Oswald and Plonsky (2010) have expressed doubts most its success.
Proponents of using engineering science for linguistic communication learning, giving the learner freedom of action, access to a variety of language content, ease of admission and its inherent attractiveness, opponents of factors such as lack of infrastructure, lack of software and hardware to especially in developing countries, students and teachers are not familiar with this technology, teachers do not master engineering to produce appropriate educational content, superficial and unrealistic interactions in existing software, also much emphasis on the use of multimedia, heavy book Content for linguistic communication learners, lack of appropriate feedback and finally receiving superficial and unrealistic feedback as reasons for their opposition to using technology for linguistic communication learning. These contradictory reasons led the states to perform meta-assay to determine the effectiveness of technology-assisted linguistic communication learning and, in full general, whether it was successful or not. These reasons became contradictory in gild to determine the effectiveness of linguistic communication learning through meta-analysis with the assistance of technology and to reach a full general conclusion whether information technology was successful or not.
Research methods
Considering that the purpose of this research was to describe, analyze, and combine the studies presented in the field of educational engineering science in English language teaching based on inquiry; the method of this enquiry was a meta-analysis. Meta-analysis is a set of statistical methods that are performed in lodge to combine the results of independent experimental and correlation studies that have the same inquiry questions on a single topic, and leads to a single gauge and upshot. Unlike traditional inquiry methods, a meta-assay uses statistical summaries of private studies every bit research data.
Based on the master assumption of this method, each study provided different estimates of the underlying relationships in club. Therefore, past combining the results of these studies, a more accurate view of these relationships could be provided, which was provided by estimating individual studies. Meta-analysis research was applied type and was among the few pieces of research. The method used to collect information in this research was the library.
General objective subgroups: variables
Hypothesis ane — There is a significant difference between the years of publication in research on the application of technology in English language linguistic communication teaching.
Hypothesis 2 — The research method used in the inquiry has been used in the field of application of educational engineering in English language teaching.
Hypothesis three — Research tools accept been used in the application of educational technology in English linguistic communication teaching.
Hypothesis 4 — There is a significant difference between the result size of dissimilar statistical methods in research in the field of technology application in English teaching.
Hypothesis 5 — There is a significant difference between the size of the work based on the gender of the sample in research on the awarding of technology through English linguistic communication teaching.
Eligibility criteria and exclusion criteria
In this research, 67 articles or theses out of 1000 articles or theses which were related to technology in English language educational activity in Iranian cites, like Tehran, Shahr-e- Qods, Yasouj, Shahrood, Mazandaran, Bandar Abbas, Alborz, Shahrekord, Ahvaz, Qeshm, Guilan, Semnan, and Chabahar, were randomly chosen from Iran Doc, google scholar, and science direct websites.
It is important to mention that 7 out of 67 manufactures and theses were ignored in this thesis based on the table that has been mentioned (Boosted file 1: Appendix A). Topics in selected manufactures were completely consistent and had a relatively high and appropriate subject similarity for meta-analysis were from the years between 2009 and 2020 (Additional file 1: Appendix B). Atmospheric condition were detected and meta-analysis tests had been performed on them. It should exist noted that in the meta-analysis method, there is no specific limit on the number of studies.
Method of data collection
To perform meta-analysis, the specifications of all theses in the field of educational engineering science in English language linguistic communication teaching, which are the year of publication, sampling method, statistical method, research method, and gender of the sample were studied. These information were and then used in analysis, syntheses, and comparison.
Instruments
Meta-assay is the statistical method which was used in this study. The SPSS (Sciences Statistical Package for the Social) software (SPSS Statistics 26) that researchers examined the frequency and statistical significance. The inquiry hypotheses were also tested by SPSS software. CMA two software (Comprehensive Meta-Assay version 2) was used to summate the effect size for each report, the overall size issue, and the size of the discriminant consequence to test their statistical significance in this research.
In addition, the research hypotheses were tested using SPSS software and the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test. The upshot size in this r was calculated using the Hex method.
The Egger regression method has as well been used to evaluate the homogeneity of the studies. The advantage of this method compared to other tests is that it is stronger. This method uses real effect size methods for prediction.
Results
Data analysis
Office one: Descriptive analysis
Description of general characteristics of the studied samples
Descriptive information about the twelvemonth of publication of the studies was examined in this written report.
Every bit can be seen in Table 1, the highest percentage is related to research published during the years 2015 to 2017 with a charge per unit of 51.vii% and the lowest percent is related to research published in the years 2018 to 2020 with a rate of 6.seven percentage.
Descriptive information nearly the research methods used in the studies reviewed in this study
Equally can be seen in Table ii, the highest percentage is related to the quasi-experimental research method with 36.seven% and the lowest percentage is related to the qualitative research method with 3.3%.
Descriptive information about the instruments used in the studies examined in this study
As can be seen in Tabular array 3, for the instruments used, the highest percentage is related to the Questionnaire instrument with 37% and the everyman percentage is related to the Observations instrument with a rate of 3.3%.
Descriptive information about the statistical method used in the studies examined in this study
Equally tin be seen in Table 4, the highest pct is related to the method of using pre- and post-tests with 56.7% and the everyman percentage is related to the statistical method of ANOVA with i.seven%.
Descriptive data about the sex of the sample in the studies
As can be seen in Table 5, for the sample gender, the highest percentage is related to mixed-gender with a rate of 48% and the lowest per centum is related to female gender with a rate of xx%.
Homogeneity of studies
In gild to check the homogeneity of the studies, the Eger regression test is used and the results of this examination are summarized in the following table:
Every bit can be seen in Table half dozen, due to the value of Sig, which is greater than 0.05, the assumption of homogeneity of studies at an error level of 0.05% is accustomed.
The following Fig. 1 is used to make up one's mind whether the initial studies are biased and their impact on information analysis.
Funnel diagram shape the size of each written report with the effect size accurateness
If the initial studies do not accept a diffusion bias, they should be distributed symmetrically around the average upshot size, as shown in the diagram above.
Overall effect size
Before examining the consequence size separately for the variables in this report, the overall effect size is calculated in two modes: a model with random furnishings and a model with fixed effects, and the results are recorded in the table below.
Information technology should be noted that due to the homogeneity of the initial studies in this report, the model with fixed effects is more than efficient than the model with random effects.
As can be seen in Table 7, considering that the sig value for both models is less than 0.01, it tin be accepted that the total effect size in both models is significant with random effects and fixed effects at the error level of one per centum.
Event size by year of publication
The following table records the results related to the result size by year of publication of studies in both model modes with random effects and fixed effects.
According to the Sig values obtained in Table 8, the size of the effects in all the studied years is significant in both types of models with fixed effects and random furnishings.
The size of the work is used separately co-ordinate to the inquiry method
In the tabular array below, the results related to the size of the effect are recorded separately by the research method used in the studies in both models with random effects and stock-still effects.
Co-ordinate to the Sig values obtained in Table 9, the size of the effects in all enquiry methods used in the studies under study in both types of models with stock-still furnishings and random effects are meaning.
Effect size by the instrument used
In the tabular array below, the results related to the size of the result by instruments used in the studies are recorded in both model modes with random furnishings and with fixed furnishings.
According to the Sig values obtained in Table 10, the size of the effects in all instruments used in the studies under written report in both types of models with stock-still effects and random furnishings are pregnant.
The size of the work is separated past statistical methods
In the table below, the results related to the effect size are recorded separately by the statistical methods used in the studies in both models with random furnishings and with fixed effects.
According to the Sig values obtained in Tabular array 11, the size of the effects in all statistical methods used in the studies in both types of models with stock-still effects and random effects, except the random effects model in the case where the statistical musical instrument is used Qualitative Have been meaningful.
Issue size past sample gender
In the table below, the results related to the effect size past sample gender in both models with random effects and stock-still furnishings are recorded.
According to the Sig values obtained in Table 12, the size of the effects on the sex of the sample in both types of models with fixed effects and random furnishings are significant.
Office 2: Inferential assay
Hypothesis 1
There is no significant divergence betwixt the size of the consequence of years of the publication on research in the application of educational engineering science in English language teaching.
To test the above hypothesis, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used and the results of this exam are recorded in the following tables:
As can exist seen in Tabular array 13, considering the value of Sig = 0.151, which is greater than 0.05, the supposition of null, i.e. the supposition that the size of the work is the aforementioned co-ordinate to the yr of publication is non rejected at the level of 5% error.
The result of years of publication in research in the field of engineering science application in English language teaching is non significantly different.
Hypothesis two
There is no meaning departure betwixt the size of the work and the research method used. Research conducted in the field of technology awarding in English language language pedagogy.
To test the above hypothesis, the Kruskal-Wallis examination was used and the results of this test are recorded in the following table:
As can exist seen in Table xiv, considering the value of Sig = 0.302, which is greater than 0.05, the aught hypothesis, i.e. the assumption that the size of the work is the same, is not rejected at the 5% error level, so researchers can say: At that place is no pregnant difference between the size of the work and the research method used in the field of technology awarding in English language language teaching.
Hypothesis iii
There is no meaning difference between the size of the work and the instruments used in research in the field of engineering application in English linguistic communication teaching.
To exam the above hypothesis, Kruskal-Wallis examination was used and the results of this test are recorded in the post-obit table:
Every bit can be seen in Table 15, considering the value of Sig = 0.830, which is greater than 0.05, the null hypothesis, i.e. the assumption that the size of the piece of work is the same, is not rejected at the five% error level, and so researchers can say: There is no significant divergence betwixt the size of the work and the instruments used in inquiry in the field of technology application in English language teaching.
Hypothesis 4
At that place is no significant difference between the size of the piece of work co-ordinate to the statistical method used in research in the field of applied science application in English language teaching.
To examination the above hypothesis, Kruskal-Wallis test was used and the results of this test are recorded in the following tables:
As tin can be seen in Table sixteen, considering the value of Sig = 0.814, which is greater than 0.05, the nothing hypothesis, i.due east. the supposition that the size of the work is the same, is not rejected at the 5% error level, so researchers can say: There is no significant divergence between the size of the piece of work according to the statistical method used in research in the field of technology application in English language teaching.
Hypothesis five
At that place is no significant difference between the size of the work by gender of the sample in research in the field of applied science application through English language teaching.
To test the above hypothesis, Kruskal-Wallis exam was used and the results of this exam are recorded in the following table:
As can exist seen in Table 17, because the value of Sig = 0.819, which is greater than 0.05, the nix hypothesis, i.due east. the assumption which the size of the piece of work is the same, is not rejected at the five% error level, so researchers can say: There is no significant deviation between the size of the piece of work past gender of the sample in research in the field of technology application through English language teaching.
Discussion
In this part, researchers describe the collected results in general and discuss the statistical results obtained. The present study includes 67 studies out of chiliad theses and articles which 7 of them were excluded from this study due to a lack of sufficient information (Appendix A).
The chief purpose of this study was to investigate the touch of educational technology on English language teaching. The optimal research method to achieve this goal was meta-analysis. In this method, "each research" was a unit of measurement of report, furthermore, the amount of consequence size was calculated for each research in order to obtain the effectiveness of each research.
Our results betoken that technology applications have a large outcome (i.68 and 0.91, stock-still effect model and random effect model respectively) on English language instruction. This proposes that the use of engineering is more constructive than traditional educational activity methods without technology for English linguistic communication teaching quality.
Overall effects of educational technology on English language language teaching
The result of a medium-sized overall positive consequence of educational engineering on English linguistic communication teaching confirmed that the use of a reckoner, telegram, mobile, laptop devices, and software could facilitate linguistic communication learning. These results were consistent with other research findings regarding the effects of different devices and software on English language educational activity.
Related to the first inquiry question: Year of publication
This research question was in line with Sung, Yang, and Lee (2017) and Chauhan (2017), which both had the same experimental results evidence that their meta-assay was not substantially afflicted past publication bias. The most obvious finding to emerge from this enquiry question was that years of publication did non have a significant result in this research.
Based on the fact, the year of publication was selected for enquiry as a variable; if years are considered differently, that is, for example, the twelvemonth 2009 is assumed alone, they are meaningful. They as well accept the aforementioned feature for the year of publication until 2020. Notwithstanding, based on the enquiry question of how much the effect of the year of publication affects educational technology, it should exist noted that this variable is not recommended for future research because it changes every time based on advances in technology and different methods for research. Considering the year of publication, information technology will non have a pregnant effect every bit a whole on the event size of the work.
Related to the second research question: research method
It is in line with Farzaneh Shakki (2015). There is no significant difference between the event size by the research method used and the inquiry conducted in the field of technology awarding in the English linguistic communication teaching.
In fact, the research method as a whole depends on the researcher and the type of research that is being done. In this inquiry, we conclude that if we want to consider the research methods one by one we can merits that they all have a significant effect but when we desire to consider all of them relative to each other, they do not have a pregnant effect. Therefore, this research shows us that the required research methods or resource required every bit well equally different goals can be variable, then information technology depends on the researcher in what circumstances, in what environs and with what tools they can choose the research method. Of course, a single research method may not be used in an commodity, and several types tin exist used.
Related to the tertiary inquiry question: instruments
It was in line with Fazeli (2016). It was non in line with Pourtayebi (2015), Alinejad (2015), Sadeqi (2015), Rastegar (2014), Shahkooei (2016), and Parinaz (2010). In that location is no significant divergence between the effect size and the instruments used in enquiry in the field of engineering science application in English language language teaching
As nosotros have seen, among the number of theses and articles we reviewed, a multifariousness of instruments were used. In the meantime, the questionnaire was used more other instruments, but this does not mean that this instrument is superior to others in research instruments. In this study, in each of the manufactures and theses, one or more instruments were used, which were significant, only in general, they were not significant in comparing to each other. This means that we cannot say which tool is ameliorate than other instruments and then it depends on the researcher which musical instrument to cull over the research.
Related to the quaternary research question: statistical method
It was not in line with Shahkooei (2016). There is no significant deviation between the size of the piece of work according to the statistical method used in research in the field of technology application in English language teaching. Although the number of statistical methods used in these studies was dissimilar, in the ranking, they did non have a significant departure.
To bank check the quantitative enquiry data, the apply of statistical tests is mandatory. A statistical method is necessary to utilize for each research. Reviewing all statistical tests can be a good guide for analyzing information in an commodity. Meanwhile, information technology may not always be enough to utilise a exam.
Statistical methods are i of the practical means to identify problems and provide solutions to managerial, social, and psychological problems, etc. that, if implemented correctly, tin can provide existent data for our inquiry.
In other words, in that location may be different ways of doing research or how we can collect our data to prove or answer questions. At this indicate, having loftier analytical power, trouble-solving ability. And sufficient feel can help y'all to know the correct method of research. Because it directly uses people's opinions, it tin can solve society's problems, and these studies are often very applied and tin exist cited.
Related to the fifth research question: gender
Information technology was in line with Alipour (2017), Sadeqi (2015), Nateghi (2018), Dayani (2014), Ghazavi (2017), and Aliakbari (2013). It was not in line with Mohammadi (2014), Alashti (2013), AsgharHeidari (2014), and Nakhaei (2017) constitute the result of the study that the attitudes of English teachers or students regarding their gender towards the use of the Internet, mobile or other devices were positive and loftier.
According to the statistical part of this written report, the participants were mixed in most of the articles, just in some of them, exclusively female participants or in some other male participants were used to conduct the research. Based on the findings, we conclude that at that place is not much deviation between men being superior to women or vice versa.
Based on the availability of technology in educational activity, educational engineering science has acquired many changes in the field that come across the needs of students in unlike ways. With the provision of software that teaches students with special needs, the appropriate educational equipment is designed to make learning easier for the individual.
With the utilise of technology, the concept of teaching is changing for both students and teachers to progress. Therefore, the introduction of technology in educational activity is very important.
Research limitations
The present meta-analysis, like many others, has its limitations and forces the researcher to translate the findings with extreme circumspection.
-
Lack of admission to some manufactures and dissertations that did not receive a response from the authors despite sending an email.
Suggestion for farther study
Due to the limitations that researchers applied in this enquiry, 67 theses and articles were selected from different cities of Iran that had a topic related to the subject of this enquiry, just it should be noted that due to development and progress in contempo years, the importance of this thesis is observed. Information technology is better to select researches that take been published in reputable publications all over the world, in addition to this, information technology is suggested to work on other various variables.
Conclusion
A meta-analysis of research on the application of applied science in English language pedagogy, which was published in valid journals in this field and examined, showed that the awarding of information technology in this field has an acceptable bear upon factor.
In this department, the overall findings of the current study were presented. Co-ordinate to the studied variables, we conclude that the v variables studied and researched, co-ordinate to their statistical information in this written report, did non accept a significant upshot size. And in response to the overall purpose of the article, how much applied science can bear on English language teaching, it tin exist ended that, initially, compared to the variable of the year, 2017 to 2020, the size of the work was more representative than previous years, so engineering has been constructive. Other variables, such as tools, research methods, statistical methods, and gender, have had a smaller effect than size that we tin can ignore.
The results showed that all chosen variables in this report, considering every unique thesis or article, were significant, simply as the whole consideration of each variable to 60 theses and articles, they were not significant.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable asking.
Abbreviations
- ICT:
-
Information and advice applied science
- CALL:
-
Computer-assisted language learning
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Rahmati, J., Izadpanah, S. & Shahnavaz, A. A meta-analysis on educational applied science in English language teaching. Lang Test Asia 11, 7 (2021). https://doi.org/x.1186/s40468-021-00121-w
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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s40468-021-00121-west
Keywords
- Educational applied science
- English language language pedagogy
- Meta-analysis
Source: https://languagetestingasia.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40468-021-00121-w
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